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<title>Context menu</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Context menu</span></span>

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<p>A <b>context menu</b> (also called <b>contextual</b>, <b>shortcut</b>, and <b>pop up</b> or <b>pop-up</b> <b>menu</b>) is a <a href="Menu_(computing)" title="Menu (computing)">menu</a> in a <a href="Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> (GUI) that appears upon user interaction, such as a right-click <a href="Mouse_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouse (computing)">mouse operation</a>. A context menu offers a limited set of choices that are available in the current state, or context, of the operating system or application to which the menu belongs. Usually the available choices are actions related to the <a href="Selection_(user_interface)" title="Selection (user interface)">selected object</a>. From a technical point of view, such a context menu is a <a href="Graphical_control_element_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphical control element (software)">graphical control element</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>Context menus first appeared in the <a href="Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a> environment on the <a href="Xerox_Alto" title="Xerox Alto">Xerox Alto</a> computer, where they were called <i>pop-up menus</i>; they were invented by <a href="Dan_Ingalls" title="Dan Ingalls">Dan Ingalls</a> in the mid-1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Microsoft_Office" title="Microsoft Office">Microsoft Office</a> v3.0 introduced the context menu for copy and paste functionality in 1990. <a href="Borland" title="Borland">Borland</a> demonstrated extensive use of the context menu in 1991 at the Second Paradox Conference in Phoenix Arizona. <a href="Lotus_1-2-3" title="Lotus 1-2-3">Lotus 1-2-3</a>/G for <a href="OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> v1.0 added additional formatting options in 1991. Borland <a href="Quattro_Pro" title="Quattro Pro">Quattro Pro</a> for Windows v1.0 introduced the Properties context menu option in 1992.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2></div>

<p>Context menus are opened via various forms of user interaction that target a region of the GUI that supports context menus. The specific form of user interaction and the means by which a region is targeted vary:

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<ul><li>On a computer running <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, or <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> running the <a href="X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a>, clicking the secondary mouse button (usually the right button) opens a context menu for the region that is under the mouse pointer.</li>

<li>For quickness, implementations may additionally support hold-and-release selection, meaning the pointer is held down and dragged, and released at desirable menu entry.</li>

<li>On systems that support one-button mice, context menus are typically opened by pressing and holding the primary mouse button (this works on the icons in the Dock on <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>) or by pressing a keyboard/mouse button combination (e.g. Ctrl-mouse click in <a href="Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a> and macOS). A keyboard alternative for macOS is to enable <a href="Mouse_keys" title="Mouse keys">Mouse keys</a> in <a href="Universal_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Access">Universal Access</a>. Then, depending on whether a laptop or compact or extended keyboard type is used, the shortcut is <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1249182868">

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</style><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Function</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Ctrl</kbd>+5 or <kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Ctrl</kbd>+5 (numeric keypad) or <kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Function</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Ctrl</kbd>+i (laptop).</li>

<li>On systems with a <a href="Multi-touch" title="Multi-touch">multi-touch</a> interface such as MacBook or Surface, the context menu can be opened by pressing or tapping with two fingers instead of just one.</li></ul>

<ul><li>Some cameras on smartphones for example recognize a <a href="QR_code" title="QR code">QR code</a> when a picture is taken. Then a pop-up appears if you want to 'open' the QR content. This could be anything like a website or to configure your phone to connect to <a href="Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>. See image.</li>

<li>On some user interfaces, context menu items are accompanied by icons for quicker recognition upon navigation.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Context menus can also have a top row of icons only for quick access to most frequently used options.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<p>Windows mouse click behavior is such that the context menu doesn't open while the mouse button is pressed, but only opens the menu when the button is released, so the user has to click again to select a context menu item. This behavior differs from that of macOS and most free software GUIs.

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<ul><li>In Microsoft Windows, pressing the <a href="Menu_key" title="Menu key">Application key</a> or Shift+F10 opens a context menu for the region that has <a href="Focus_(computing)" title="Focus (computing)">focus</a>.</li></ul>

<p>Context menus are sometimes hierarchically organized, allowing navigation through different levels of the menu structure. The implementations differ: <a href="Microsoft_Word" title="Microsoft Word">Microsoft Word</a> was one of the first applications to only show sub-entries of some menu entries after clicking an arrow icon on the context menu, otherwise executing an action associated with the parent entry. This makes it possible to quickly repeat an action with the parameters of the previous execution, and to better separate options from actions.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="X_Window_Managers">X Window Managers</h3></div>

<p>The following <a href="Window_manager" title="Window manager">window managers</a> provide context menu functionality:

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<ul><li><a href="Awesome_(window_manager)" title="Awesome (window manager)">Awesome</a></li>

<li><a href="IceWM" title="IceWM">IceWM</a>—<a href="Middle-click" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-click">middle-click</a> and <a href="Right-click" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-click">right-click</a> context menus on <a href="Desktop_environment" title="Desktop environment">desktop</a>, <a href="Menu_bar" title="Menu bar">menu bar</a>, <a href="Title_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Title bar">title bars</a>, and title icon</li>

<li><a href="Openbox" title="Openbox">openbox</a></li>

<li><a href="Sawfish_(window_manager)" title="Sawfish (window manager)">sawfish</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usability">Usability</h2></div>

<p>Context menus have received some criticism from <a href="Usability" title="Usability">usability</a> analysts when improperly used, as some applications make certain features <i>only</i> available in context menus, which may confuse even experienced users (especially when the context menus can only be activated in a limited area of the application's client window).

</p><p>Context menus usually open in a fixed position under the <a href="Elements_of_graphical_user_interfaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Elements of graphical user interfaces">pointer</a>, but when the pointer is near a screen edge the menu will be displaced - thus reducing consistency and impeding use of <a href="Muscle_memory" title="Muscle memory">muscle memory</a>. If the context menu is being triggered by keyboard, such as by using Shift + F10, the context menu appears near the focused widget instead of the position of the pointer, to save recognition efforts.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_documentation">In documentation</h2></div>

<p>Microsoft's guidelines call for always using the term <i>context menu</i>, and explicitly deprecate <i>shortcut menu</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-msmenu_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msmenu-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<li><a href="Screen_hotspot" title="Screen hotspot">Screen hotspot</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFR._Keith_Sawyer2012" class="citation book cs1">R. Keith Sawyer (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=auAXfVwNAJoC&q=Dan+Ingalls+pop+up+menu&pg=PA252"><i>Explaining Creativity: The Science of Human Innovation</i></a>. USA: Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780199737574</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Seibel2009" class="citation book cs1">Peter Seibel (September 16, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nneBa6-mWfgC&q=Dan+Ingalls+pop+up+menu&pg=PA373"><i>Coders at Work: Reflections on the Craft of Programming</i></a>. Apress. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781430219484</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcazine.com/6136/samsung-galaxy-s4-internet-browser-faq-and-users-guide/">"Samsung Galaxy S4 Internet Browser FAQ and User's Guide"</a>. <i>WEBcazine</i>. 8 May 2013.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/Add-ons/WebExtensions/user_interface/Context_menu_items">"Context menu items"</a>. <i>MDN Web Docs</i>. 6 November 2023.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-msmenu-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-msmenu_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/dn742392.aspx">"Menus"</a>. <i>Windows desktop applications - Guidelines</i>. Microsoft. 2011.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/context_menu" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/context menu">context menu</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Context_menu" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Context menu">Context menu</a></span>.</div></div>

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</style><div id="Graphical_control_elements194" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Graphical_widget" title="Graphical widget">Graphical control elements</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Command input</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adjustment_handle" title="Adjustment handle">Adjustment handle</a></li>

<li><a href="Button_(computing)" title="Button (computing)">Button</a></li>

<li><a href="Hamburger_button" title="Hamburger button">Hamburger button</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Data input-output</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Checkbox" title="Checkbox">Checkbox</a></li>

<li><a href="Color_picker" title="Color picker">Color picker</a></li>

<li><a href="Combo_box" title="Combo box">Combo box</a></li>

<li><a href="Cycle_button" title="Cycle button">Cycle button</a></li>

<li><a href="Date_picker" title="Date picker">Date picker</a></li>

<li><a href="Toggle_switch_(widget)" title="Toggle switch (widget)">Toggle switch</a></li>

<li><a href="List_builder" title="List builder">List builder</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio_button" title="Radio button">Radio button</a></li>

<li><a href="Scrollbar" title="Scrollbar">Scrollbar</a></li>

<li><a href="Search_box" title="Search box">Search box</a></li>

<li><a href="Slider_(computing)" title="Slider (computing)">Slider</a></li>

<li><a href="Spinner_(computing)" title="Spinner (computing)">Spinner</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Informational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Balloon_help" title="Balloon help">Balloon help</a></li>

<li><a href="HUD_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="HUD (computing)">Head-up display in computing</a></li>

<li><a href="HUD_(video_gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="HUD (video gaming)">HUD in video games</a></li>

<li><a href="Infobar" title="Infobar">Infobar</a></li>

<li><a href="Label_(control)" title="Label (control)">Label</a></li>

<li><a href="Loading_screen" title="Loading screen">Loading screen</a></li>

<li><a href="Progress_indicator" title="Progress indicator">Progress indicator</a>

<ul><li><a href="Progress_bar" title="Progress bar">Progress bar</a></li>

<li><a href="Splash_screen" title="Splash screen">Splash screen</a></li>

<li><a href="Throbber" title="Throbber">Throbber</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sidebar_(computing)" title="Sidebar (computing)">Sidebar</a></li>

<li><a href="Status_bar" title="Status bar">Status bar</a></li>

<li><a href="Pop-up_notification" title="Pop-up notification">Toast</a></li>

<li><a href="Tooltip" title="Tooltip">Tooltip</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Containers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Accordion_(GUI)" title="Accordion (GUI)">Accordion</a></li>

<li><a href="Client-side_decoration" title="Client-side decoration">Client-side decoration</a></li>

<li><a href="Disclosure_widget" title="Disclosure widget">Disclosure widget</a></li>

<li><a href="Frame_(GUI)" title="Frame (GUI)">Frame / Fieldset</a></li>

<li><a href="Panel_(computer_software)" title="Panel (computer software)">Panel</a></li>

<li><a href="Popover_(GUI)" title="Popover (GUI)">Popover</a></li>

<li><a href="Ribbon_(computing)" title="Ribbon (computing)">Ribbon</a></li>

<li><a href="Toolbar" title="Toolbar">Toolbar</a></li>

<li><a href="Window_(computing)" title="Window (computing)">Window</a>

<ul><li><a href="Window_decoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Window decoration">Window decoration</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Workspace" title="Workspace">Workspace</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navigational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Address_bar" title="Address bar">Address bar</a></li>

<li><a href="Breadcrumb_navigation" title="Breadcrumb navigation">Breadcrumb navigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">Hyperlink</a></li>

<li><a href="Navigation_bar" title="Navigation bar">Navigation bar</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_desktop" title="Virtual desktop">Virtual desktop</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nowrap">Special <a href="Window_(computing)" title="Window (computing)">windows</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alert_dialog_box" title="Alert dialog box">Alert dialog box</a></li>

<li><a href="Dialog_box" title="Dialog box">Dialog box</a></li>

<li><a href="File_dialog" title="File dialog">File dialog</a></li>

<li><a href="Inspector_window" title="Inspector window">Inspector window</a></li>

<li><a href="Modal_window" title="Modal window">Modal window</a></li>

<li><a href="Palette_window" title="Palette window">Palette window</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="File_viewer" title="File viewer">File viewer</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_graphical_user_interface_elements" title="List of graphical user interface elements">List of graphical user interface elements</a></li>

<li><a href="Layout_manager" title="Layout manager">Layout manager</a></li>

<li><a href="Mouseover" title="Mouseover">Mouseover</a></li>

<li><a href="Scrolling" title="Scrolling">Scrolling</a></li>

<li><a href="Widget_toolkit" title="Widget toolkit">Widget toolkit</a></li>

<li><a href="Zoomable_user_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoomable user interface">Zoomable user interface</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-04-27" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Context_menu&oldid=1287613983">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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